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- NATION, Page 39Death on a Dreadnought
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- A blast kills 47 and reignites debate over the battleship's role
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- The battleship Iowa is believed to have made it through
- World War II and the Korean War without a single officer or crew
- member being killed in combat. But last week, in one of the
- worst accidents in recent U.S. military history, an explosion
- in the second gun turret of the 46-year-old vessel took the
- lives of 47 young sailors. At week's end investigators were
- still trying to determine the cause of the blast as the Iowa
- steamed toward its home port of Norfolk, Va. Defective
- electrical wiring, a damaged firing mechanism in the ship's gun
- system or even an errant spark may have been at fault. The
- tragedy ignited a new debate over the usefulness of the old
- dreadnoughts in the nuclear age.
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- The Iowa and three similar warships were built during World
- War II and designed to withstand shelling from Japan's
- battleships. The Iowa was fitted with nine 16-in. guns capable
- of propelling shells weighing as much as 2,700 lbs. a distance
- of 23 miles. Three six-story turrets holding the guns were
- encased in armor up to 17 1/2 in. thick. When last week's
- explosion occurred during training exercises about 330 miles off
- Puerto Rico, that protective armor turned the turret into a
- tightly sealed pressure cooker.
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- After the Korean War, the Iowa-class battleships were
- mothballed. But John Lehman, Ronald Reagan's first Navy
- Secretary, wanted to bring back the behemoths -- weighing in at
- 58,000 tons when fully loaded -- in his quest for a 600-ship
- Navy. Military reformers argued that battleships were obsolete,
- the products of a technology that has gone essentially unchanged
- for 50 years. The Navy proposed to modernize the vessels by
- replacing one of their three gun turrets with cruise-missile
- launch batteries. That plan was later discarded.
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- In 1983 Reagan sent the U.S.S. New Jersey to Lebanon, where
- it fired shells at Syrian and Druze positions with a high rate
- of inaccuracy. While many military experts argued that
- battleships simply provide an empty show of force, defenders of
- the dreadnoughts responded that in some situations they are
- invaluable in projecting a nation's power and determination. "In
- peacetime the mission is political presence," says naval analyst
- Norman Polmar, "and they are very impressive for that." But they
- are also quite expensive. While cheaper to operate than an
- aircraft carrier, each of the four active battleships consumes
- $80 million a year in operations and support costs.
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- Moreover, battleships lack antisubmarine and antiaircraft
- capability. While there is no way to modernize the 16-in. guns
- with safer automatic loaders, battleships could be converted to
- cruise-missile platforms, reducing the number of crew members
- and retiring the old-fashioned bagged-powder firing system.
- Refitting the ships with 320 Tomahawk cruise missiles apiece,
- as the Navy once proposed, would cost more than $1 billion a
- vessel, an unlikely expenditure at a time of shrinking Pentagon
- budgets. But if the damage to the Iowa is beyond repair, the
- Navy may have no choice but to replace the burned-out turret
- with a cruise-missile loader -- or retire the old battlewagon
- once and for all.
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